How we check trading courses

We judge practices, not people. Every red flag is tied to an official rule or decision, so you can check it yourself.

Rules

What we do

Criteria, not namesWe do not rank, rate or name private individuals or specific courses. We publish what regulators decided about practices, with the legal entity as the official decision names it.

Primary sources onlyRegulators, courts, statutes and peer-reviewed papers. News is used to find the document, never as the source. Items we read only through a summary are marked, or left out.

Outcome shown with the caseA settlement is not a conviction, and a commitment is not a finding. The outcome column says which one it was.

Gaps listedWhere we found nothing, for example no study of paid courses, we say so instead of filling the space.

Limits

What this does not show

It is not a list of scams. Calling a named seller a scam needs a court or regulator to say so. We only report what they said.
Absence is not approval. A course missing from the evidence page may simply never have been examined.
Law and practice change. Every page states the date it was read.
Not legal or investment advice. If you lost money to a seller, contact the consumer authority, CONSOB or your national regulator, and a lawyer.

If a decision cited here was annulled, changed or appealed, tell us and we will update or remove the entry. No sponsors, no affiliate links.