How we check a hardware wallet

We read what the maker and independent sources published and report what it says. We do not score or rank devices.

Sources

What counts as a source

First choice: the maker's own site, store, documentation and code repository, and audit reports.
For weaknesses and incidents: the affected company's own statement, the researcher's or security firm's own write-up, public vulnerability databases, and major news outlets. Press-only reports are labelled.
Never: a competitor's claim about another brand's fault as the only source, forum posts, or reviews that earn commissions.

Limits

What we do not claim

No score and no ranking. Facts like open-source firmware, secure elements and connections matter differently to each buyer. A single number would hide that.
"None found" is not "none". Our searches are limited. The device pages say what we could not verify.
We do not test devices. We do not open them, attack them or run firmware. We report what makers and researchers have published.
Prices are list prices read on the maker's own page. Where the page shows none to an automated reader, we say n/v.
Maker claims such as security certifications are labelled as claims when we found no certificate.

Independence

Nobody pays for a line

No sponsor, no affiliate link and no payment from any maker exists today. If that ever changes, advertising will sit in clearly labelled spaces away from the comparison, and this page will say so, with the date. If a maker believes something is wrong, tell us and we will correct it with a source.